Lifeline stanchions should not be just screwed on, unless tapped into a backing plate of some sort.
Sometimes there will be an aluminum plate embedded in the laminate. Maybe that's stripped and you could tap it the next size. It's a bad design (if that was a factory install) to just screw into the fiberglass deck!
West System Six10 is the easiest epoxy to use for something like this. TotalBoat Thixo is probably very similar, though I haven't tried it yet.
Through bolting is preferred, however it is entirely possible to develop the full strength of a bolt or screw just by embedding the threads in epoxy.
IF (big if) done right, the screw would break before the threads stripped. The length of thread embedded varies of course depending on the diameter of the bolt.
The book "The Gougeon Brothers on Boat Construction" has a section on bonding bolts to wood which will give some guidance on how much thread needs to be embedded. There may be something on their web site about this too. It seems to be down at the moment, so I couldn't look it up.
If impossible or impractical to through bolt, then the repair is more dependent on the structure of the deck in that area.
Does it have a core? Is there a gap below the fiberglass where the screw has pulled out? If there's a core then it would need to be dug out to create a pocket for the epoxy to fill. If there's a big gap, it may need some foam injected in there first, otherwise it could take up a lot of epoxy to fill the void or it may run away completely and drip out someplace below.
Generally the screw should be coated with wax before embedding it in epoxy.