A Little Patience
The previous reply was truer to what can really be done and end up with your original shaft in good condition. After removing the coupling from the transmission and with the stuffing box loose, you should be able to freely slide the shaft and attached coupling aft. In order to remove the coupling from the shaft, take a small nut and tape it to the center of the coupling where the shaft is. Then, reattach the coupling to the transmission such that as the bolts are tightened, the shaft will be slightly "pushed" away from the transmission. Unfortunately, you will need to loosen the three bolts, add another nut to the earlier one, reattach the coupling to push the shaft out a little more for several more cycles ( maybe 10 times or so). Ultimately, the shaft will back out of the coupling and be free to slide out the rear of the boat. Basically, this is an exercise in patience caused by repetition, but it really does work. A good thing to do before you start, though, is to scribe a mark across the coupling and corresponding transmission in order to align it back in the original orientation when you reassemble the whole thing. This will help keep the shaft in alignment and minimize vibration. Otherwise, you may need to adjust the engine mounts to compensate the alignment. The good thing is that you are doing this on a Catalina 30 where there is pretty good access to this task. Take care.