Coffee Addict!
According to the Specialty Coffee Association of America (SCAA), the optimal water temperature for coffee is 92 - 96 degrees C (197.6 - 204.8 degrees F) for 90% of the contact time. Avoid boiling the water; not only is it too hot for proper extraction, boiling hot water rapidly loses dissolved air and will taste flat. If the water is too cool, the brew will be sour and underextracted.Proper extraction timesAs a general rule, extraction time is directly proportional to grind coarseness. That is, the smaller the coffee particles, the shorter the extraction time should be. French press coffee generally has the longest extraction times, with coffee/water contact lasting as long as four minutes; the grind is, therefore, about the coarsest used. For those who prefer using a somewhat finer grind for this brewing method, the steeping period should be shortened. Espresso has the shortest contact time, about twenty-five seconds, so the particle size is among the smallest. Most of the desirable flavors--and the caffeine--are extracted first. If the coffee is allowed to remain in contact with the water for too long a period in proportion to its particle size, additional flavor compounds start to extract, and these will make the coffee taste bitter. Similarly, if your particle size is disproportionately large for your extraction time, only a small quantity of the desirable compounds will be extracted, so the coffee will be weak.Auto-dripThe most common variant of the drip method is auto-drip; their greatest advantage is that they simplify the brewing process. Water is heated in one chamber and then piped over grounds contained in a filter, held in a basket; the brewed coffee then drips down into a serving carafe. These automatic machines have two prime faults: one, except for a few high-end brands, these machines do not make the water hot enough, so extraction occurs at sub-optimal temperatures. Secondly, the manufacturers proudly tout the machines' warming plates for keeping the coffee hot. However, continued application of heat will cause the coffee to turn bitter; a better choice is to either buy a machine with an integrated insulated carafe, or pour the coffee into a separate insulated carafe once the brewing cycle is complete. If careful research is able to find an auto-drip machine that does in fact reach proper brewing temperatures, the overall convenience may make this the best choice for most people.PercolatorsPercolators are the least well regarded of brewing methods. The water is overheated, the brew overextracted, and the percolating action dissipates the complex, volatile compounds into the atmosphere. This is why people often say that percolators have such wonderful aromas: the aromatics that should be in the coffee you drink are instead cast off into the atmosphere. Since aroma is such an integral part of taste sense, this coffee is inferior.Press Pot aka French Press aka Cafetiere aka Plunger PotA French press, consists of two parts: a beaker-shaped container made out of glass, metal, or plastic, and a plunger, which is a multi-piece wire-mesh filter assembly attached perpendicularly to a metal rod. Other filters may also ship with the press or be retrofitted onto them, such as finer mesh, one-piece units, or nylon mesh screens to be used with the standard filter; these serve to better remove fine sediment. Some presses are insulated; these work well for keeping the coffee hot during the steeping process. However, contrary to the manufacturers' instructions, you should pour off the coffee when it is ready, else it will continue to steep and become bitter and over-extracted. To use the press, pre-warm the carafe (beaker) by filling it with hot water and allowing it to sit for a minute or so while your brew water is heating; the filter assembly should also be warmed by placing it into the water. Empty the carafe and put in the ground coffee. Common practice is to use a grind coarser than that used for auto-drip, closer to percolator grind, but some people prefer to use a finer grind with a proportionately shorter steeping time. Heat the water to just short of a boil; see the section on water temperature for specific information. Pour in the water and put the plunger in place, but do not press it down yet; the lid, which is also part of the plunger assembly, will reduce heat loss. Let it steep for about four minutes, a minute or two less if using a finer grind. In order to ensure thorough saturation, many people prefer to either stir the grounds about thirty seconds to a minute after adding the water, or briefly press then raise the plunger. If using a glass carafe, do not stir the grounds with a metal implement, since this might damage the carafe. When the time is up, push down the plunger to trap the grounds at the bottom, and pour off the coffee. If the plunger resists being pushed down, do not force it--there is anecdotal evidence that excessive pressure could cause the glass to shatter; back the plunger up and try again. If you have repeated problems pushing the plunger down, you have either ground the beans too finely, or your grinder produces excessive dust and it is choking the filter. Note that this brewing method leaves all of the coffee oils in the coffee. This will create a rich, tasty cup, but there is some inconclusive medical evidence that these oils may have adverse effects. Some people dislike the sediment that almost inevitably occurs when using the press. Though not a fatal flaw, one issue that plagues French press users is heat loss. Pre-warming the carafe (and filter) will reduce this problem, but the glass is quite thin, so the temperature of the water may drop below optimal brewing temperatures while steeping. Insulated presses will virtually eliminate heat loss; however, such presses now in production are made of either plastic or metal (stainless steel), and some users claim that this material lends an off-flavor to the coffee. Insulated fabric covers for presses are available, similar to tea cozies.Use a kitchen thermometer to get the exact water temperature, never boil the water. Use bottled water or filtered water (PUR water filter) for coffee. Use a battery operated grinder to grind your fresh coffee beans just before using. Use a Melita filter and pour into insulated thermos. One of the ultimate luxuries you can have on a sailboat that doesn't take up much space or use that much power.Fair Winds.Clyde