If you found the piece in the bowl it is likely it came from that area. The diagram agrees with you (1-16) and it if fits just stick it in there after you figure out how it is supposed to stay. Assemble the carburetor and give it a try. It would not be the first time I had to disassemble and assemble a carburetor a couple of times before getting it right. On these small engines when the carburetors get badly fouled it is sometimes the best course of action to bite the bullet and purchase a new replacement.