I asked a friend who knows a lot about batteries about the maximum voltage that could be read and here is his reply:
While charging hard, just before the explosion when the case melts
allowing the plates to short, you can get it up to about 17-18V.
But, as soon as the overcharging current is removed, the cell voltage
quickly returns to around 14-14.5VDC on 6 cells that haven't shorted
and are still filled with some semblance of electrolyte..
As the plates will surely be warped by the heat softening the
normally soft lead, and the electrolyte boiling off the diluting
water as gas, spoiling the electrolyte's composition, these
overcharged cells should immediately be replaced before leaving the
dock. Warped plates could easily cause an explosion when pounded in
the waves, which would destroy the interior of the boat, not just the
batteries. Anyone caught asleep in the boat when the batteries blow,
in a case or not, will be breathing sulphuric acid vapors and burned
with the mist an explosion creates quite badly.
Batteries are too cheap to take that chance. The only way I know of
to get 6 cells to read 24VDC is to put a 24V charger on them with one
cell so boiled dry it finally acts like an open circuit. The
charging current on 6 cells at 24VDC would be way more current than a
boat charger could create unless the cells have very high internal
resistance. or his meter is toasted.
Doesn't matter....all new batteries are in order. Replace the lot
and properly charge SLOWLY for a day, discharge the cells back to
12.5 V then immediately recharge SLOWLY for a day...repeat the
process 3 times to soften the new plates with the proper
cycling....do a final recharge and she's ready for sea.