Without any images, it is impossible to determine what type of rust you are observing, and even then, it might not be possible.
That being said, there are generally three types of rust that I know about. Surface rust is generally a reddish brown coating of iron oxide and can be removed via sanding, brushing or other mechanical means. The second type of rust is scale, which is manifested by delamination and the ability to remove pieces of fully compromised material. The third is penetrating which as the name implies, constitutes a concentrated loss of structural integrity. This can manifest itself by a "crater" or drastic change to the original manufacturing dimensions of the structure being observed.
My rule of thumb is that if you can see that the entire component generally meets the original manufacturing dimensions and you can see things like machining marks, casting numbers, stamped ID marks etc., you are dealing with surface rust. Anything beyond that, and I would have to consider remediation or replacement. This is just my humble opinion and you can take it for what it's worth.