Where IS the vented loop?
Suddenly the light is dawning (I had jury duty yesterday...by the time I saw your question last night, I was brain dead): Your problem has to be one of two things: either you installed the macerator backwards when you put it back after you replace the impeller, or the vented loop is in the wrong place--between the tank and the pump. Those are the only two possible explanations if the pump is sucking air. However, if the macerator were install backward, I don't THINK it could empty the tank if you put your finger over the hole--it would pull sea water instead...so my guess is, the vented loop is in the wrong place. If it's not, then something else is also letting air in...and putting your finger over the hole is blocking one of the sources just enough to let the macerator work.