I don't think 3M 5200 gets a bad rap per se, rather only as selant for large fittings that may require removal, since it doesn't let go easily. It's a good product, in the right setting.
I would rather sew, but I have certainly used 5200 on dingies and non-sail fabric repair and reinfourcements with good results. You have not shared a lot of detail--why adhesive is going to be better than a sewn repair--but I can imagine a few cases where it could make sense. For example, I've used it between layers where I knew I would add a gromet, to prevent tearing; worked well and out-lasted the project.
Yes, there is self-stick tape; it has its limitiations and its place in the repair bag as well. Mostly I've used it as a battle field expiendient for sun covers, torn light air sails, and worn spots on bolt ropes.