Been there, Done that
Up to last year I had this problem. Every year I sanded, primed, and did the whole thing. It took time. I used several so called solutions, none of them worked until last year. The guy with the boat next to mine is a used car salesman (O' My!) BUT, he said his shop uses a spray-on product you can get at most good car supply places that turns the rust into a part of the primer, in fact, becomes a primer. WHAT? So, I tried it. It worked... This year I had a new spot, so I just sprayed the stuff on and left it all winter, through the snow (my boat is in northern New York, and guess what? It didn't rust any further. So, what I do is apply it on -- do not remove the rust first because it is used by the primer. Wait the required time, use rust'olium (spelling) and cover it with anti-foul. Good luck. I just cannot leave it alone.