I bought the most expensive FLA battery they had at Autozone. It had higher capacity than all others and has lasted six years so far. It's proven to be a substantial savings over other batteries. Would a higher capacity battery provide a significantly longer life in the marine environment?
Depends. Battery life is a function of several factors. Big ones are number of charge/discharge cycles, depth of discharge (DOD), and time at a Partial State of Charge (PSOC).
The fewer cycles the battery experiences per year, will increase the number of years the battery will last. A battery that sees 100 cycles per year fail sooner in years than a battery that sees 10 cycles a year, although bot h may may experience 300 cycles in their life span.
Batteries left in PSOC for long periods of time will sulfate more and this will reduce the number of cycles the battery can deliver. AGMs are especially sensitive to this.
Batteries live longer if they are kept at a full charge.
Batteries used only for starting can be a bit deceptive. The critical function for a start battery is not the size, but the ability to deliver a high current for a short period of time. It only takes about 1 ah to start small diesels, however, that current is delivered very rapidly, about 250a for a few seconds. Because of this a start battery may still start an engine, even while it has lost a significant amount of its capacity. As a result they may seem to last more seasons than a heavily used house battery.