I cannot remember a case where motor damage could be explained by a failure to change oil in the fall - or for that matter anytime the motor sat idle for a good long time.
As I mentioned in my earlier post, the failure mode is breakdown of the insulation in the alternator windings if you have an oil-bath alternator, which is common on motorcycles. I've never had a four-stroke boat engine (like OP's), so I don't know if oil-bath alternators are typical for them, or not. It's definitely worth looking into, though, if you have a four stroke.
Etching of the crankshaft journals due to acidic oil can also be observed on older engines that have been allowed to sit with dirty oil in them. I do not know of a specific example of a failure of the entire engine due to this. But I also don't considered etched crankshaft journals to be acceptable in an engine I own.