I agree that you may need to replace the joker valve, but that's not all you need to do.
Unless the holding is full to overflowing, the tank can't be the source of the water unless it only happens when you're really heeled or the tank is full to overflowing because the inlet is at or on on the top of the tank...half a tank can run back into the toilet discharge line when the boat is heeled enough on that tack but, it can't jump into it when the boat's at rest. So most likely the water rising in the bowl isn't making it into the tank,,it's running back downhill into the bowl. That's an indication that a blocked tank vent is pressurizing the system creating back pressure that's pushing flushes back to the toilet. (And btw...if it's taking 15 minutes to rise in the bowl, the joker valve is only allowing slow seepage, so it's not in bad shape) On a Catalina, it's likely that the tank vent line is routed into a rail stanchion that has some little holes in the aft side of it. Just about anything including pollen or salt can clog those little holes clog up. Clean 'em out and it should solve your problem.
Rerouting the vent line to a new thru-hull in the hall just below the toe rail is the permanent fix Venting into a rail stanchion is a great idea for fuel and water tank vents...it keeps sea water out the fuel and water tanks. But it's the worst possible to way to vent a holding tank.
Also change the joker valve anyway...you'll be amazed at how much more efficiently your toilet will move bowl contents after you do. You'll find out what that is, if you search this site for "joker valve 101."
Peggie
"If you can't explain it to a six year old, you don't completely understand it yourself." --Albert Einstein